India and Pakistan have gone to war several times since gaining independence from Britain in 1947. Both countries possess nuclear weapons, and tensions regularly flare between the two neighbors. But where do these hostilities stem from?

New Delhi

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India Pakistan War

India and Pakistan, formerly part of British India, became separate nations following independence from Britain in 1947. The region was partitioned into India, West Pakistan, and East Pakistan, prompting around 12 million people to migrate across newly drawn borders based on religious lines.

The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir initially chose not to join either country. When faced with an invasion by tribesmen from Pakistan, its ruler decided to join India, leading to a war between India and Pakistan over Kashmir. This conflict, which resulted in thousands of deaths, concluded with a United Nations-brokered ceasefire that divided the territory between the two countries, though both continued to claim it in full.

In 1965, another war over Kashmir erupted but ended inconclusively after a truce mediated by the Soviet Union. The two neighbors clashed again in 1971, this time over East Pakistan, with India supporting Bengali nationalists seeking independence for what would become Bangladesh. The Shimla Agreement in 1972 redefined the Kashmir ceasefire line as the Line of Control, which now acts as the de facto border, although it is not an internationally recognized boundary.

Following these wars, both India and Pakistan pursued nuclear programs, with India testing its first atomic bomb in 1974 and Pakistan following 14 years later. The emergence of both countries as nuclear powers generated global concern and resulted in sanctions. In 1999, conflict broke out again when Pakistan-backed rebels crossed the disputed Kashmir border and took Indian military posts in the Kargil mountains, sparking intense fighting until Indian forces regained control.

Relations between India and Pakistan have remained tense, with recurring accusations of terrorism. Kashmir continues to be one of the world’s most militarised regions.



Why Kashmir is ground zero for India-Pakistan wars

We know them today as India and Pakistan, but from 1757 until 1947 they were part of British India. When Britain granted India independence, the territory was partitioned into India, West Pakistan and East Pakistan. The move spurred some 12 million people to cross the newly established borders, with Muslims heading west and Hindus and Sikhs east. The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir initially refused to join either side. In October of 1947, its ruler chose to join India in exchange for its help against an invasion of tribesmen from Pakistan. A war then erupted between India and Pakistan over Kashmir, claiming thousands of lives on both sides. The conflict lasted until January 1949, a UN ceasefire line split the territory, with part administered by Pakistan and part by India, although both claimed it in full. In 1965, Pakistan launched a war against India for full control over Kashmir. It ended inconclusively several weeks later, with a truce brokered by the Soviet Union. The neighbours went to war for a third time in 1971, this time over East Pakistan. New Delhi backed Bengali nationalists, who sought independence for what later became Bangladesh. In 1972, the Shimla Agreement ended the conflict and turned the Kashmir ceasefire line into the Line of Control. It's a military control line which serves as the de facto border, though it is not a legally recognised international boundary. What followed was a nuclear race between the two. India detonated its first atomic bomb in 1974, and Pakistan's first public test came 14 years later. The world's sixth and seventh nuclear powers respectively, they prompted concern across the world as well as sanctions. 1999 saw a conflict break out in the Kargil mountains, when Pakistan-backed rebels went across the disputed Kashmir border, seizing Indian military posts. New Delhi pushed them back, ending a bloody 10-week-long spell of fighting. Since then, relations between the neighbours have remained icy on all fronts, with both nations frequently accusing each other of terrorism. Kashmir remains one of the world's most militarised zones.

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India Pakistan War