Economic transformation is reshaping industries and jobs: businesses close, professions vanish, new ones emerge. This long-term shift is deeply affecting nations and regions — socially, economically and technologically.

Berlin

Structural change refers to long-term, fundamental shifts in the composition of an economy, often triggered by technological advancements, automation, and digitalization. These changes can result in job losses in traditional sectors such as mining, farming, and construction, while simultaneously creating new opportunities in areas like logistics, IT, health research, and services.

Examples such as the Ruhr Valley in Germany illustrate how regions can transition from declining industries to new economic activities. The agricultural sector is moving toward large-scale agribusiness, and the energy sector is shifting from fossil fuels to renewables. Policymaking plays a crucial role in mitigating negative social impacts and maximizing the positive outcomes of structural transformation.

Job losses meet innovation: understanding structural change

What is structural change? It can mean mass layoffs of miners or of car factory workers, or the closure of construction firms or farms. Structural changes are connected to the economy of a region or country, as opposed to seasonal or cyclical factors. The result is a fundamental and long-term shift in an economy's composition. Take the Ruhr Valley. The decline of Germany's biggest coal mining area began in 1963, with 10,000 people losing their jobs due to colliery closures. New developments in logistics, IT, health research and the car industry have given rise to new types of jobs and activities. Structural change affects entire economic segments. While sectors such as mining and farming decline, others such as manufacturing and above all services become more important. Automation, digitalization and new technologies are all drivers of structural change. The agricultural sector, for example, is shifting from small diversified farms into enormous and highly specialized agribusinesses. The auto industry is also undergoing structural change as it makes the switch to electric, resulting in both job losses and the creation of new jobs. Over in the energy sector, coal and oil are being replaced by solar, wind and geothermal power. One prominent illustration of structural change is the Zescher Zollverein, once the world's biggest coal mine and today a tourist attraction, thanks also to its UNESCO World Heritage Site status. Structural transformation is inevitable, but needs the right policymaking to mitigate the negative social impact and maximize the positive changes.

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Quantico

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Hollywood

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Karur

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Breakdown