Brasil está sufriendo un grave brote de dengue intensificado por el cambio climático y las fuertes lluvias. Los científicos están liberando mosquitos infectados con Wolbachia como parte de estrategias innovadoras para frenar la propagación de la enfermedad.

Brasília

Brazil is experiencing a significant dengue crisis, with over 6 million cases and more than 6,000 deaths reported in the previous year. The situation has been aggravated by heavy rainfall, which creates breeding grounds for Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, and by climate change, which is extending the dengue season and enabling mosquitoes to adapt to insecticides.

In response, scientists have introduced mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia bacteria, which prevents them from transmitting dengue and passes this trait to their offspring. Two new biofactories have been established to breed these mosquitoes, including a major facility in Campinas capable of producing 190 million mosquitoes weekly. A portable mini-biofactory in a cardboard box has also been developed to deliver mosquito eggs to remote areas, offering a novel approach to disease control.

La temporada de lluvias en Brasil agrava la crisis del dengue y se despliegan nuevas tácticas

Es el comienzo de la temporada de dengue en Brasil, cuando las fuertes lluvias forman charcos, creando perfecta para los mosquitos Aedes aegypti. Estos insectos mortales propagan el dengue, el zika y el chikungunya. En 2024, Brasil se enfrentó a una epidemia récord de dengue. Los mosquitos se han adaptado a los insecticidas y el cambio climático está alargando la temporada. Debemos actuar antes de que eclosionen los huevos. Brasil tuvo más de 6 millones de casos de dengue el año pasado y más de 6.000 muertes. Ahora los científicos están desplegando un ejército de héroes improbables. Mosquitos infectados con la bacteria Wolbachia. Estos mosquitos no pueden contagiar el dengue y transmiten esa característica a su descendencia. Es el mosquito contra mosquito en una batalla biológica. Y el tiempo corre. Este año, 1,5 millones brasileños ya se han infectado de dengue y más de mil han muerto, incluso antes de que empezara la temporada de lluvias. Para combatirlo, Brasil ha puesto en marcha dos biofábricas para criar mosquitos infectados con Wolbachia. La mayor, recién inaugurada en Campinas por Oxitec, puede producir 190 millones de mosquitos a la semana, suficientes para proteger a 100 millones de personas al año. La gran innovación, una nueva forma de transportar los mosquitos. Esta caja de cartón puede parecer simple, pero en realidad es una mini-biofábrica portátil. En el interior hay 200 huevos de mosquito Wolbachia, listo para eclosionar una vez que lleguen a zonas remotas. También tenemos una fuente de alimento para las larvas para alimentarse y luego convertirse en mosquitos adultos. Así que lo que hacemos es que esta caja fue diseñada para ser activada fácilmente. Los huevos eclosionan cuando se añade agua del grifo. Una vez crecidos, los mosquitos vuelan a través de un pequeño orificio y se mezclan con la población local. Sus crías pueden picar, pero no transmitirán el dengue. A medida que el cambio climático alimenta brotes más largos y mortales, Brasil no recurre a los pesticidas, sino a la defensa de la naturaleza. Monica Yanakev, Aljazeera, Campinas, Brasil.

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