Nationalist historian Karol Nawrocki, who won Poland's presidential election by a razor-thin margin on Sunday, is a former amateur boxer with a particular interest in the criminal underworld.

Warsaw

Karol Nawrocki, a nationalist historian, has secured Poland's presidency by a narrow margin. Nawrocki, known for his 'Poland-first' stance, is expected to challenge the pro-EU government's reform agenda, particularly regarding the EU's migration pact and Green Deal. As president, he will have significant influence through his veto power, which the current government cannot easily override.

Nawrocki has pledged to prioritize Polish citizens over other nationalities, including Ukrainian refugees, and opposes the introduction of the euro and new EU treaties that could affect Polish sovereignty. While supporting continued aid to Ukraine, he is against Ukraine joining NATO, citing concerns about potential conflict with Russia. Strengthening Poland's military remains a priority, with Nawrocki promising to allocate 5% of GDP to defense amid uncertainties about US support in the region.

Karol Nawrocki, the nationalist historian, wins Poland's presidency

With his Poland-first slogan, Karol Nowroczki leaves little surprise for the future of his foreign policy. The conservative can't be described as anti-European, but his win does represent a blow to the reform agenda of the pro-EU government. Polish presidents wield veto power on legislation, which can only be overturned by a three-fifths majority in parliament, which the government doesn't have. Nowroczki wants a withdrawal from the EU's migration pact and Green Deal. I will not allow the security of Polish men and women to be threatened by illegal migrants. Our economic and business life to be threatened by the introduction of the euro. I will not accept that new EU treaties will be signed and that Poland will lose its sovereignty in many areas of social life. Nowroczki has also promised to favour Poles over other nationalities, including refugees from neighbouring Ukraine. Since Russia's full-scale invasion, Poland has spent more than 3.5 billion euros on assistance to Kiev, a figure that represents almost 5% of GDP. Nowroczki supports continued aid, but is against Ukraine joining NATO amid fear the alliance could be drawn into war with Moscow. It's no surprise Poland is so sensitive to the situation in Ukraine, sharing a border with not only the war-torn country, but also Moscow-friendly Belarus and the Russian enclave Kaliningrad. While it has the largest active military in the EU, strengthening Warsaw's own defences are also a priority for Nowroczki. Like his political rival, he pledged to allocate 5% of GDP to defence. It comes amid concern that Poland and Europe can no longer rely on the United States for protection. Earlier this year, the US said it would reposition troops that are currently stationed near the Ukrainian border in Poland.

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