Muchos países carecen de donantes de sangre. La búsqueda de un tipo de sangre artificial, fabricada en laboratorio, que pueda compensar la escasez de suministros es extremadamente difícil. Pero hay algunas tecnologías que ofrecen esperanzas.

London

Blood is a vital component of the human body, responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products. It consists of red and white blood cells, platelets, and plasma, each serving essential roles such as oxygen delivery, immune defense, and wound healing. Blood cells are primarily produced in the red bone marrow, with the liver and spleen also capable of this function under certain conditions.

Due to the short lifespan of many blood cells, a constant supply is necessary. Many countries struggle with insufficient blood donations, prompting scientific efforts to develop artificial or lab-made blood. While replicating the complex structure and functions of natural blood is challenging, ongoing research and emerging technologies offer hope for addressing global blood shortages in the future.

¿Puede la sangre fabricada en laboratorio compensar la escasez mundial?

¿De qué está hecha nuestra sangre y dónde se forma? Cada adulto tiene entre 5 y 6 litros de sangre. Porque permite todas las demás funciones corporales importantes, la sangre se denomina a veces un órgano líquido. Sin embargo, casi la mitad está formada por componentes sólidos. Los glóbulos rojos le dan el color característico. Suministran oxígeno al cuerpo y transportan los residuos gaseosos de dióxido de carbono a los pulmones para ser exhalados. Las plaquetas, por otro lado, desempeñan un papel importante en la coagulación y la cicatrización de heridas. Y los glóbulos blancos son capaces de reconocer y rechazar patógenos. Las células y las plaquetas están suspendidas en lo que se llama plasma sanguíneo. Este fluido claro y amarillento está compuesto de agua, nutrientes, hormonas, minerales y proteínas. A través de un sistema circulatorio ramificado de casi 100.000 kilómetros de longitud, la sangre se distribuye hasta los lugares más recónditos del cuerpo. Además de oxígeno y CO2, la sangre transporta y distribuye hormonas, nutrientes y también calor. Sus células se forman en la llamada médula ósea roja, un tejido en forma de red que cuenta con un abundante suministro de sangre. En los adultos, la sangre se produce principalmente en los huesos cortos y planos, como las costillas y el esternón. En los niños, la formación se produce en los huesos de todo el cuerpo. La médula ósea roja alberga células madre especiales que son capaces de producir todos los diferentes tipos de células sanguíneas. Muchas células sanguíneas viven sólo unos pocos días. Tienen que reponerse constantemente. Y por cierto, antes de nacer, la sangre se produce principalmente en el hígado y el bazo. Y estos órganos pueden reanudar la tarea incluso en adultos, si por alguna razón la médula ósea roja está dañada.

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